Equity - Greenhouse Gas Emissions - and Global Common Resources

Question: Connection between the Pollution of the Global Commons and Sustainability. Most Significant moral issues identified with the Pollution of the worldwide hall. Hugeness of contamination of the Global Commons in the business. Answer: Presentation The worldwide atmosphere strategy is one of the significant worries of changing the administration of the climate from an open view into the system of worldwide house. Worldwide house is made out of the asset regions which exist outside the compass of the country state. Contamination of the worldwide center consequently raises a progression of numerous difficulties. Contamination of worldwide lodge as the result of the business and mechanical movement and the release of family unit action is the developing far reaching worry in nature. These worries anyway emerge because of the few reasons (Edenhofer et al. 2013). Ecological morals is involved two measurements for example human to nature morals and human to human morals. While the maintainability of the earth is the necessary piece of the earth assurance and monetary development in the nation, it is required to address this lawful issue of the contamination of the worldwide lodge. Numerous associations are chipping away at this world wide issue as they are confronting a fast corruption in the earth as a result of the human weights and different impacts of the a worldwide temperature alteration (Pretorius 2016). Conversation The report examines and talks about the applicable moral issues and maintainability of the contamination of the worldwide house. Connection between the Pollution of the Global Commons and Sustainability The financial development of a nation is the basic part in the accomplishment of the reasonable turn of events. The World Conservation Strategy has contended about the incongruence of advancement and preservation. It focuses on the way that the development of a nation isn't just conceivable through the insurance of the earth from the contamination of worldwide center. The worldwide reactions assume a significant key job in advancing the joining, framework thought and coordination. This can help in defining the objectives and building up the measurements, supporting the limit improvement, producing the monetary assets and encouraging the prescribed procedures. At the universal level, the progression of the person and maintainability of the earth could be encouraged in the procedures and the reactions related with it. These national and territorial reactions were tending to the moves identified with nature and the ways to deal with the polycentric administration. It perceives the numer ous settings and accept the various movement community for the given scope of the limit needs, creating the sufficient reactions to the natural difficulties (Ivanova et al. 2012). The greater part of the Scientists are contributing in the mission for the supportable improvement of the planet, however these commitments are lessening because of the need of the consistent guarding of the human instinct. The development and the a dangerous atmospheric devation are broadly satisfactory by the researchers. It can't be prospered to the political practicality since it seems to compromise the strict convictions and issues. The development of the organic needs delivered on the planet alludes to the mix of the asset sparing and natural benevolent society. Innovation can contribute in finding the answer for the issue emerging because of the contamination of the worldwide house. Numerous strategies and techniques depend on the framework representing and checking the uncertain issues of the environment (Stern 2011). Until the unequal type of nature isn't dispensed with totally, the individuals ought to decrease their requests on the worldwide house till the satisfactory cap ital of the biology is gathered. Be that as it may, the confirmation and the control of the information quality will be a significant worry as it should adapt to the given assets and time. The adjustment of the populace is additionally viewed as fundamental as it decides the conveying limit of the planet and the overshoot of the biology broadcasting that the individuals had been over using the assets. To the incredible degree, the supportable utilization of the planet and the illuminated administration of the worldwide house and the eventual fate of the innovation all are in question (Cairns 2006) Most Significant moral issues identified with the Pollution of the worldwide house The developing issue in the current time is the contamination of the worldwide hall. It might be because of the at various times exercises of the people having a typical danger to the government assistance of the general public. The adjustment in the atmosphere is communicated by the a worldwide temperature alteration. These drawn out changes lead to the precipitation, sea saltiness, outrageous climate occasions, elevated tide levels, dry seasons and warmth waves (Baer 2016). The worldwide environmental change brings the contention activated by the scant assets and thus, there is a requirement for a moral way to deal with have the prompt and future ramifications on the individuals who are the quick casualties of the contamination of the worldwide center. The moral issues center around the causes and the impacts of the climatic changes. It is essential to consider the moral issues truly on the grounds that it is perceived in bringing down the fortifying situation of the network on the grounds of the morals. Be that as it may, the extension and the idea of the worries identified with the moral issues are recognized globally which have advanced, including the issues identified with the human connections. This produces the obligation to relieve and adjust the negative impacts of the earth (Dadush Shaw 2011). The developing accord of the adjustment in the worldwide atmosphere is influencing the well - being of the entire economy and it indistinctly characterizes the moral issues of the worldwide environmental change. The contamination of the worldwide lodge brings about different vulnerabilities making it hard to build up certain parts of the nature. These moral situations vary starting with one locale then onto the next. The group of people yet to come considers the vulnerability of the moral issues that rises up out of the contamination of the worldwide center. The moral qualities actualized into the training and conduct of the supportability of the worldwide hall establishes a significant piece of the nature in the earth. These moral issues are obviously tested by the contamination and decide the different decisions to be considered in building up the essentials for setting up the open door in the advancement of supportability of the worldwide lodge (UNESCO 2010). Hugeness of contamination of the Global Commons in the business For example, the worldwide lodge incorporates with the social legacy of the economy. From the most recent couple of decades, the developing business sector is ruled by the worldwide economy and rebalancing its capacity to go with the noteworthy difficulties looked by the contamination of the worldwide hall. It is hard to deal with the worldwide house because of the adjustments in the atmosphere including the normal and basic assets. Be that as it may, the distinction the mechanical limit of the business entangles the business bargains in keeping up the worldwide hall. The propelled center of the mechanical nations is creating channels of the worldwide joining with the developing business sector for the worldwide lodge. The moral problems emerge during the way toward keeping up the issues of the contamination of the worldwide center (Friends of the Earth 2016). In addition, these issues are rising in designating the assets between the modern and creating nations. The creating nations are contributing a little offer in the discharge in the relative air and the expense of accomplishing the objective is a lot higher than the created and mechanical nations. The supportable improvement of the worldwide center prompts the advancement of the business in an economy. The positive effect of the worldwide lodge on the building up nations' organizations improves the coordination of the concurrence with the modern nations. Progressively, the arrangements of these difficulties will be basically pounded in the worldwide market. (Dadush Shaw 2011). The expanding rivalry in the worldwide market drives the association to change its business arrangements and invested with the huge assets encountering the high overall revenue. This opposition makes the association to utilize assets in a deceptive way. Along these lines, the predictable development in the innovation prompts the development in the efficiency of the assets however it likewise expands contamination in the earth. The contamination of the worldwide house brings about the unpredictable example of the business over the long haul (Rametsteiner et al. 2006). Despite the fact that the mechanical nations assumed a significant job in causing the issues of the worldwide condition, they should focus towards giving the answers for these issues as they are harming the worldwide house. A few governments have taken the measures to advance the monetary proficiency of both at the national and universal level to diminish the natural corruption. These strategies have essentially decreased the paces of deforestation and it safeguards the important biodiversity. Through the disposal of the vitality appropriations, the carbon emanations get diminished drastically. The abuse of the normal assets prompts negative effect on the national and worldwide condition (Openknowledge 2016). Reaction for Ethical and Sustainable Issues The financial globalization has expanded the monetary combination and the association over the globe. The individuals are not initially and truly imagined to the regular access of the nature. In the biological sense, the worldwide house won't be overseen effectively if mankind disregards their duty. The moral concern gives the apparatus to the compelling manageability of the worldwide hall. The issues are generally overlooked because of the unimportance of the maintainability issues emerging due to the survey

Garmin Analysis - Looking To the Future Research Paper

Garmin Analysis - Looking To the Future - Research Paper Example So as to go ahead later on, there are three situations getting looked at, which are identified with various conceivable course of vital activities that the organization may follow to address its issues. In this report, these vital choices are assessed based on different budgetary models and graphic investigation of the company’s existing position and result of these choices. Before the examination is completed, it is valuable to give a synopsis table of the presentation of five recognized business fragments of the organization over the most recent three years. Business Segments 2011 Net Sales % Change in Sales 2011 EBIT % Change in EBIT 2010 Net Sales % Change in Sales 2010 EBIT % Change in EBIT 2009 Net Sales 2009 EBIT Outdoor 363,223 13.82 171,245 13.43 319,119 6.62 150,973 2.01 299,300 147,996 Fitness 298,163 23.99 107,881 24.72 240,473 41.77 86,499 49.02 169,624 58,046 Marine 221,730 11.50 60,092 - 3.75 198,860 11.94 62,431 8.71 177,644 57,430 Automobile/Mobile 1,590,598 - 4.69 171,717 - 16.60 1,668,939 - 18.75 205,887 - 57.86 2,054,127 488,584 Aviation 284,855 8.51 73,226 2.44 262,520 6.83 71,482 26.30 245,745 56,595 The table gave above gives drifts in net deals and EBIT of all business portions, which would be alluded to in the conversation identified with the situations introduced beneath. Situation #1: Assault on the Smartphone Market Under this future situation, the organization may plan to focus on the Smartphone showcase which is worth $65 billion and it has been developing at a quick pace of 20% consistently. The advanced cell showcase is dynamic as new markets are developing, for example, Africa and Asia. Be that as it may, the serious powers including organizations like Apple, Google, Nokia, Blackberry, Samsung, HTC, and even producers from Far East nations are as of now assuming a significant job in this industry having solid situating and they share a significant extent of the worldwide market. The organization should put intensely in cr eating advancements and gaining related organizations as Garmin doesn't have any related knowledge and its present piece of the pie is zero. The section into this market portion the organization will require a speculation of $3 billion that could be raised from the capital market by offers to both institutional and private financial specialists. Move to the Smartphone portion the organization will have strip non-tasks including avionics, and marine, in the third year and it hopes to get $500 million. Furthermore, thusly, the organization should relinquish the benefits created by these portions, which are as of now saw to back off in the year 2011. The accompanying budgetary examination depends on specific presumptions and comprehension with respect to eventual fate of Smartphone industry and the company’s venture choice: 1. The timespan for venture examination is viewed as 5 years from the culmination of the undertaking and initiation of deals. 2. The expense of speculation i s relied upon to be $3 billion which will be raised by giving extra 75 million offers at a cost of $40 per share. 3. The speculation is relied upon to create results from the year 2013. 4. In 2011, the Smartphone business has developed by 20% and same development rate is accepted for the year 2012 onwards as there are no indications of lull in both short and medium terms. 2011 ($ mn) 2012 ($ mn) 2013 ($ mn) 2014 ($ mn)

Blog Archive MBA News B-School Applications Make a Comeback

Blog Archive MBA News B-School Applications Make a Comeback According to an article in today’s Wall Street Journal, interest in MBA programs may be “heating up.” The latest word from the Graduate Management Admission Council, which surveyed 683 graduate business programs at 328 schools, is that MBA application volumes are on the rise after a four-year lull. Approximately half of the programs surveyed in 2013 reported growth, compared with just 43% last year. U.S. schools claimed a median 5% gain, though much of the applicant volume was due to international interestâ€"with 56% of programs reporting that they received more applications from international candidates than domestic ones. While full-time MBA programs seem to be attracting a healthy candidate pool, interest in part-time programs has been limited, incurring a volume increase among only 29% of respondent programs. Specialized master’s programs did not fare quite as well, either. However, as the Wall Street Journal notes, the demand for one-year MBAs remains on the upswing, with 55% of the programs surveyed reporting higher volumes of applicants for 2013. Application Volume for a Sampling of Full-Time, Two-Year MBA Programs Number of applications, 2012 Number of applications, 2013 % change 2012â€"2013 Olin Business School, Washington University in St. Louis 1,289 1,404 8.90% Columbia Business School 5,409 5,765 6.60% Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University 2,094 2,343 11.90% Harvard Business School 8,963 9,315 3.90% Anderson School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles 3,335 3,124 -6.30% Stanford Graduate School of Business 6,716 7,108 5.80% Fuqua School of Business, Duke University 3,161 3,150 -0.35% Fisher College of Business, Ohio State University 515 639 24.00% University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School 6,409 6,034 -5.90% Krannert School of Management, Purdue University 556 576 3.60% Source: Wall Street Journal Share ThisTweet News

How Do Pop Rocks Candy Work

Pop Rocks are a cool candy that pops when you put them in your mouth. They make a sizzling sound as they dissolve, the tiny explosions feel interesting, plus (in my opinion) they taste good. There was an urban legend that Mikey, the kid from the Life cereal ads who wont eat anything, ate Pop Rocks and washed them down with cola, and then died when his stomach exploded. Its completely untrue. If you swallow a handful of Pop Rocks and chug a soda, youll probably burp, but you wont die. If Mikey barely tried Life cereal, why would he eat Pop Rocks anyway? How exactly do Pop Rocks work? How Pop Rocks Work Pop Rocks are a hard candy that has been gasified with carbon dioxide using a patented process. Pop Rocks are made by mixing sugar, lactose, corn syrup, water, and artificial colors/flavors. The solution is heated until the water boils off and combined with carbon dioxide gas at about 600 pounds per square inch (psi). When the pressure is released, the candy shatters into small pieces, each containing bubbles of pressurized gas. If you examine the candy with a magnifying glass, you can see the tiny bubbles of trapped carbon dioxide. When you put Pop Rocks in your mouth, your saliva dissolves the candy, allowing the pressurized carbon dioxide to escape. Its the popping of the pressurized bubbles that makes the sizzling sound and shoots pieces of candy around in your mouth. Are Pop Rocks Dangerous? The amount of carbon dioxide released by a packet of Pop Rocks is about 1/10th as much as you would get in a mouthful of cola. Except for the carbon dioxide, the ingredients are the same as those of any hard candy. The popping of the bubbles is dramatic, but you wont shoot candy into your lungs or chip a tooth or anything. They are completely safe, though I doubt the artificial colors and flavors are particularly good for you.

Microeconomic Theory - 2302 Words

|ECON E-1010 | |Microeconomic Theory Spring, 2013 | Course Web Site: http://isites.harvard.edu/course/ext-23285/2013/spring Professor: Bruce Watson econe1010@dce.harvard.edu Lectures: Mondays 7:40 – 9:40 Science Center A Teaching Assistants: Teo Nicolais (For distance students) teo.the.ta@gmail.com Sections (On-line) at http://chat.dce.harvard.edu: To Be Announced Jodi Beggs (For in-class students) jodi@post.harvard.edu Sections: Tuesdays 6:30-8:00 (EST) Location TBA Office†¦show more content†¦We will make these calculations automatically for each student—you don’t have to â€Å"opt in† or â€Å"opt out† of one or the other weighting. We will make certain you receive the highest grade to which you are entitled. Requests for problem set or midterm exam regrades must be submitted to your grader no later that one week after your work has been returned. In order to allow for a timely and orderly response to your request, we must adhere to this policy without exception. We cannot regrade requests made after these deadlines. Grading Mechanics: Assigning Letter Grades Based on a Curve Semester grades are determined by a curve. The nature of a curve is that your grade is based on your performance relative to all other students in the class. It does not involve an â€Å"absolute standard,† e.g., 90 – 100 = A, 80 – 90 = B, etc., which you may be used to from some other courses. I believe that a curve is ultimately the fairest way to determine grades, since it does not set some arbitrary absolute standard, but judges students on their performance relative to their peers. With a curve, your grade is based on your percentile rank in the class, i.e., the percentage of students inShow MoreRelatedMicroeconomic Theory Essay1757 Words   |  8 PagesRunning head: Module 1 Homework Module 1 Homework Michael J Feller Allied American University Author Note This paper was prepared for ECN 150: Introduction to Microeconomics, Module 1 Homework taught by Dr. Dani Babb. 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Microeconomics covers the micro aspects viz. fundamentals, elements of demand and supply, costs, production formation, revenue, markets etc. (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 2003). With that being said, a good knowledge of these above listed aspects is necessary for management students as well as managers. Therefore, a thorough understanding of microeconomics and its principles is vital for effective decision-making. However, sinceRead MoreTheory Of Consumers Choice And Frontiers Of Microeconomics1207 Words   |  5 Pages Theory of Consumers Choice and Frontiers of Microeconomics The consumer’s choice theory studies how consumers make decisions and how they respond to changes in the environment (Mankiw, 2015). In today’s society, there are many changes, and as the years go on and innovations come forth, people are bound to change the way they live their life. As firms produce new and improved products, consumers will continue to buy into them. 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Compare and contrast optimal pricingRead MoreMicroeconomics of Customer Relationships930 Words   |  4 PagesReading: Microeconomics of Customer Relationships â€Æ' Reading: Microeconomics of Customer Relationships The follow is a critique and review of the reading of Microeconomic of Customer Relationships by Fred Reichheld. I will review the article and evaluate Mr. Reachheld. I will also apply economic theories into why and how I came to my conclusions. Overview on the Reading Microeconomic of Customer Relationships by Fred Reichheld is based on a simple survey based customer-relationship metricRead MoreArticle Analysis 61110 Words   |  5 Pages It begins with a covering known as economics that leads to a multitude root system known as microeconomics only to be fed by the morsels of supply and demand. Though what seems simple in building this mountain, many factors exist waiting for their chance to cause destruction. However, to understand our quest to the top, consumers must understand the clues that are defined as economics, microeconomics, Law of supply and the Law of demand. Dictionary.com states that economics is The social scienceRead MoreSustainable Competitive Advantage Through Core Competencies in a Resource Based Approach1633 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion: The ability of some firms to sustain longer term competitive advantage relates to their capabilities according to the resource based theory of the firm. Summarise this approach to explain why some firms perform better than others in an industry. Sustainable Competitive Advantage Within all economies there have always been firms that are destined for success and firms that are doomed to failure... or have there? Is this an inevitable outcome predestined by exterior market forces

Racial Profiling by Police Must Stop Essay - 1201 Words

The great era of civil rights started in the 1960s, with Martin Luther King, Jr.s stirring I have a Dream speech at the historic march on Washington in August of 1963. At the same time Birmingham Police Commissioner Bull Connor used powerful fire hoses and vicious police attack dogs against nonviolent black civil rights activists. Although these years proved to be the highlight and downfall of civil rights in America, even with the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act being passed, time has repeated these tumultuous events again in the present. Racial profiling has been one of many civil rights issues concerning the unnecessary stopping and arresting of people based on race,†¦show more content†¦At many times, these minorities have been stopped and arrested for illegal offenses, however we are not sure if these stories have been filed truthfully by law enforcement officers. Many police departments face issues concerning racist law enforcement officers who cause the problems of racial profiling. One such example comes from the Hillside Police Department, where several racial bias charges have been made against them. Racial slurs have become common in the Hillside district, where even the department supervisor does background checks on minorities IN the squad, even to kick them off the squad. In this department, only two officers are Hispanic and one is of African decent. The officers, many of whom are white, are encouraged to target minorities first to fill their ticket quotas for the month. Hillside officers defend themselves saying that Hillside is 40 percent black and 20 percent Hispanic. However, the actions taken by Hillside officer, such as targeting to fill quotas and background checking, seem disconcerting. The Reverend Jesse Jackson even needed to call for federal protection for whistleblowing police officers. Because of the Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act, passed this year, other officials who witness this discriminating act are protected. It says, The identity of a law enforcement officer who complains in food faith to aShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Racial Profiling1488 Words   |  6 PagesRacial profiling existed back in the 18th century when black slaves were abused and oppressed by white men even those who didn’t own slaves. Throughout history, racial profiling still continues to be a controversial issue today. It’s practiced everyday. Racial profiling means using an individual’s race or ethnicity against them of committing a crime. This means oppressing other races to feel inferior and accusing others to a certain stereotype. Racial profiling is when a black person in ripped jeansRead More Racial Targeting and Profiling in the United States Essay1455 Words   |  6 PagesRacial Targeting and Profiling in the United States The practice of targeting individuals for police investigation based on their race alone in the last few years has been an increasingly prominent issue in American society. Numerous magazines, newspapers, and journals have explored the issue of race-motivated police actions. Recently, the ABA Journal did a study of New Jersey and Pennsylvania traffic stops from 1998 to 2001, concluding that black drivers were more likely to be pulled over andRead MoreRacial Profiling: Individual Prejudice or Organizational Protocol?1626 Words   |  7 PagesRacial Profiling: Individual Prejudice or Organizational Protocol? Racial profiling is generally defined as discrimination put into action based on a stereotype. No one is excluded from the potential to experience some form of racial profiling, regardless of one’s race, gender, or religion. Racial profiling has existed in various forms since slavery. During the reconstruction of the South, the first sense of racial profiling began with â€Å"Black Codes†. â€Å"Black Codes† were created to maintain a newRead MoreEthical Issues in Film1518 Words   |  7 PagesRacial profiling is a term society has become familiar with in the past few years; however, it is not a new phenomenon. Racial profiling according to Fredrickson, occurs when law enforcement officials rely on race, skin color, and/or ethnicity as an indication of criminality, reasonable suspicion, or probable cause, except when it is part of the description of a particular suspect (1). There are many opposing views on racial profiling; some believe it to be a useful tool u sed by law enforcementRead MoreThe Stop-Question and Frisk Program1419 Words   |  6 PagesThe black or white, either-or and this or that misconceptions that are common in conversations with children seems to be arising over the Stop and Frisk Law in New York City. It has long been an issue of debate over whether it is a form of practicing racial profiling since its implementation. Arguments between advocates and critics of the law appear to be so incompatible that people are simply taking sides rather than trying to push the discussion forward. Frankly, supporters and protestors of theRead MoreThe Problem With Racial Profiling1561 Words   |  7 Pages we have a problem in our justice system with racial profiling. Racial profiling is defined as targeting or stopping an individual based on his or her race without suspicion of a crime. On one hand, we have people who are completely against racial profiling. On the other hand, some believe that there is no problem with racial profi ling. I am very interested in finding out both sides of this argument. What are the rights and wrongs of racial profiling? I chose Jeffrey Toobin’s (2013) blog post RightsRead MoreEssay On Racial Profiling1514 Words   |  7 PagesRacial profiling is a very important issue that individuals in society face every day. This problem occurs in low income or poverty-stricken areas throughout cities and communities across the nation. Hundreds of anecdotal testimonials allege that law enforcement officials at all levels of government are infringing upon the constitutional rights and civil liberties of racial and ethnic minorities through a practice called â€Å"racial profiling (Ward, 2002). So what is racial profiling? 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Racial profiling to me is a lot like any other problem in our society today. Many have different opinions on why it happens, and what we should do about it if it does happenRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Criminal Justice System1204 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Racial profiling is a major issue in American society. Its existence threatens every minority citizen of this country. Racial profiling is not fair and not effective because it relies on stereotypes and encourages discrimination. Examining cases that have occurred in the past and most recently help us fully understand this issue. Many studies and reports of racial profiling involve excessive use of force, police brutality, imposition of death penalty, traffic stops, stop and frisk issues

An Analysis of The Allegory of the Cave Example For Students

An Analysis of The Allegory of the Cave The Allegory of the Cave is Platos explanation of the education of the soul toward enlightenment. He sees it as what happens when someone is educated to the level of philosopher. He contends that they must go back into the cave or return to the everyday world of politics, greed and power struggles. The Allegory also attacks people who rely upon or are slaves to their senses. The chains that bind the prisoners are the senses. The fun of the allegory is to try to put all the details of the cave into your interpretation. In other words, what are the models the guards carry? e fire? the struggle out of the cave? the sunlight? the shadows on the cave wall? Socrates, in Book VII of The Republic, just after the allegory told us that the cave was our world and the fire was our sun. He said the path of the prisoner was our souls ascent to knowledge or enlightenment. He equated our world of sight with the intellects world of opinion. Both were at the bottom of the ladder of knowledge. Our world of sight allows us to see things that are not real, such as parallel lines and perfect circles. He calls this higher understanding the world abstract Reality or the Intelligeble world. He equates this abstract reality with the knowledge that comes from reasoning and finally understanding. On the physical side, our world of sight, the stages of growth are first recognition of images (the shadows on the cave wall) then the recognition of objects (the models the guards carry) To understand abstract reality requires the understanding of mathematics and finally the forms or the Ideals of all things (the world outside the cave). But our understanding of the physical world is mirrored in our minds by our ways of thinking. First comes imagination (Socrates thought little of creativity), then our unfounded but real beliefs. Opinion gives way to knowledge through reasoning (learned though mathematics). Finally, the realization of the forms is mirrored by the level of Understanding in the Ways of Thinking. The key to the struggle for knowledge is the reasoning skills acquired through mathematics as they are applied to understanding ourselves. The shadows on the cave wall change continually and are of little worth, but the reality out side the cave never changes and that makes it important. The ideals are mainly our concepts of courage, love, friendship, justice, and other unchanging qualities. I know this is a bit tricky, but it is how I see the allegory, and most of it is in the preceding and following books of the Republic. I think you should read those chapters, think about what I have said and zero in on what the allegory means to you. CAVE Plato, the most creative and influential of Socrates disciples, wrote dialogues, in which he frequently used the figure of Socrates to espouse his own (Platos) full-fledged philosophy. In The Republic, Plato sums up his views in an image of ignorant humanity, trapped in the depths and not even aware of its own limited perspective. The rare individual escapes the limitations of that cave and, through a long, tortuous intellectual journey, discovers a higher realm, a true reality, with a final, almost mystical awareness of Goodness as the origin of everything that exists. Such a person is then the best equipped to govern in society, having a knowledge of what is ultimately most worthwhile in life and not just a knowledge of techniques; but that person will frequently be misunderstood by those ordinary folks back in the cave who havent shared in the intellectual insight. If he were living today, Plato might replace his rather awkward cave metaphor with a movie theater, with the projector replacing the fire, the film replacing the objects which cast shadows, the shadows on the cave wall with the projected movie on the screen, and the echo with the loudspeakers behind the screen. The essential point is that the prisoners in the cave are not seeing reality, but only a shadowy representation of it. The importance of the allegory lies in Platos belief that there are invisible truths lying under the apparent surface of things which only the most enlightened can grasp. Used to the world of illusion in the cave, the prisoners at first resist enlightenment, as students resist education. But those who can achieve enlightenment deserve to be the leaders and rulers of all the rest. At the end of the passage, Plato expresses another of his favorite ideas: that education is not a process of putting knowledge into empty minds, but of making people realize that which they already know. This notion that truth is somehow embedded in our minds was also powerfully influential for many centuries. A report I had to do on Platos Allegory of the Cave. Plato was born 427 B. C. and died 347 B. C. He was a pupil under Socrates. During his studies, Plato wrote the Dialogues, which are a collection of Socrates teachings. One of the parables included in the Dialogues is The Allegory of the Cave. The Allegory symbolizes mans struggle to reach understanding and enlightenment. First of all, Plato believed that one can only learn through dialectic reasoning and open-mindedness. Humans had to travel from the visible realm of image-making and objects of sense to the intelligible or invisible realm of reasoning and understanding. The Allegory of the Cave symbolizes this trek and how it would look to those still in a lower realm. Plato is saying that humans are all prisoners and that the tangible world is our cave. The things which we perceive as real are actually just shadows on a wall. Just as the escaped prisoner ascends into the light of the sun, we amass knowledge and ascend into the light of true reality: ideas in the mind. Yet, if someone goes into the light of the sun and beholds true reality and then proceeds to tell the other captives of the truth, they laugh at and ridicule the enlightened one, for the only reality they have ever known is a fuzzy shadow on a wall. They could not possibly comprehend another dimension without beholdin! g it themselves, therefore, they label the enlightened man mad. For instance, the exact thing happened to Charles Darwin. In 1837, Darwin was traveling aboard the H. M. S. Beagle in the Eastern Pacific and dropped anchor on the Galapagos Islands. Darwin found a wide array of animals. These differences in animals sparked Darwin on research, which lasted well up to his death, culminating in the publishing of The Origin of Species in 1858. He stated that had not just appeared out of thin air, but had evolved from other species through natural selection. This sparked a firestorm of criticism, for most people accepted the theory of the Creation. In this way Darwin and his scientific followers parallel the escaped prisoner. They walked into the light and saw true reality. Yet when he told the imprisoned public what he saw, he was scoffed at and labeled mad, for all the prisoners know and perceive are just shadows on a wall which are just gross distortions of reality. Darwin walked the path to understanding just like the escaped prisoner in The Allegory of the Cave. Platos parable greatly symbolizes mans struggle to reach the light and the suffering of those left behind who are forced to sit in the dark and stare at shadows on a wall. Allegory of the Cave Plato illustrates his dualistic theory of reality by his famous Allegory of the Cave, at the beginning of Book VII of the Republic. Now then, says Socrates, as he introduces the allegory, imagine mankind as living in an underground cave which has a wide entrance open to the light. Manifest Destiny EssayIn the â€Å"Allegory of the Cave,† the people in the cave are chained to see just the shadows on the wall to which they perceive to be real. As one of these prisoners escapes, they walk into the light to find that what he once saw in the cave was actually just an illusion of what the truth is. In â€Å"Existentialism,† there is no God so every man is free to make their own choices and give their own meaning of life; however, the choices men make are what they consider all men to do, causing men to be responsible of their actions. Anguish is a similarity in both essays because both the escaped prisoner in the â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† and all men in â€Å"Existentialism† have a moral responsibility to their fellow man. The escaped prisoner is responsible for going back and informing the rest of the captives of what he saw. He has to explain to them that the ultimate reality is not the shadows on the wall but what is seen once you’re in the light. He then experiences anguish because the captives will not believe him. The essay states that: â€Å"Men would say of him that up he went and down he came without his eyes; and that it was better not even to think of ascending; and if any one tried to loose another and lead him up to the light, let them only catch the offender, and they would put him to death† (p. 1185). The cave is their world and what they see is their truth. The escaped prisoner is now an outsider and suffers because the other captives could not comprehend that what they are really seeing is just a bad distortion of reality. In â€Å"Existentialism,† man experiences anguish because he would not be able to get away from his responsibility of his actions and his choices because the decisions he makes not only affects him but those around him too. The narrator states that: â€Å"Every man ought to say to himself, ‘Am I really the kind of man who has the right to act in such a way that humanity might guide itself by my actions? ’ And if he does not say that to himself, he is masking his anguish† (p. 1292). Every man experiences anguish because they have the freedom of choice but the responsibility of all men. Therefore every choice that man makes must be a good one. Both Plato and Sartre have many different views in their essays and one opposing view is about the good and the bad. In Sartre’s essay, good decisions or choices are made because it is what is good for every man and that , â€Å"to choose to be this or that is to affirm at the same time the value of what we choose, because we can never choose evil. We always choose the good, and nothing can be good for us without being good for all† (p. 1291). Every man then does not choose the evil because what is evil for him will be evil for all; therefore, when man has to make a decision, he values each choice on how much good will come out of them. Although in â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave,† good is not considered first but last and to get there is a long and tortuous journey. Once the good is seen, they will see everything of a higher realm which is the true reality and be aware that goodness is the origin of everything that exists. The narrator states, â€Å" whether true or false, my opinion is that in the world of knowledge the idea of good appears last of all, and is seen only with an effort; and, when seen, is also inferred to be the universal author of all things beautiful and right † (p. 1185). Instead of carefully making every decision of what is good, the very thought of goodness comes last. In Plato’s essay, to reach the goodness you have to find the enlightened path. Another difference between the two essays is the thought of the limitations of the unlighted and enlightened path and subjectivity. In â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave,† the prisoners have to struggle to understand and reach enlightenment. The escaped prisoner had to travel through the journey of the visible, image-making realm of the cave to the intelligible realm of reasoning and understanding. He was subject to transform between these two realms. At first he had to reason with what he saw outside the cave. It was hard for him in the beginning because, â€Å"when he approaches the light his eyes will be dazzled and he will not be able to see anything at all of what are now called realities† (p. 1184). It was difficult for him to go through the transition of dark to light or unlighted to the enlightened. But once he got used to the light, he could see the truth and understand that what he saw and what the other unlighted captives still see in the cave are actually an illusion. Although in â€Å"Existentialism† men are subjected to more than two sort of realms. Since an existentialist creates their own meaning of life there is no limit like there is in Plato’s essay. The meaning of life is then changed with every decision made because there is no God or enlightened path to goodness. This leaves existentialists left with no excuses for their actions. Once they have made a choice there is no going back and he lives with his choices and blames no one but himself. The essay states: â€Å"Subjectivism means, on the one hand, that an individual chooses and makes himself; and, on the other, that it is impossible for man to transcend human subjectivity. Since there is no unlighted or enlightened path he is responsible for what he chooses and he can not turn back once a mistake is made. The views of goodness, limitations, and subjectivism binds together to explain the different views of human existence between Plato and Sartre. A man confined to life in a cave like Plato’s essay, is restricted to what he sees in the dark and what he will perceive as his reality and truth. While those who go into the light will have an opposing idea of what reality is and have an understanding of what the truth really is. The narrator states that: â€Å"he will first ask whether that soul of man has come out of the brighter life, and is unable to see because unaccustomed to the dark, or having turned from darkens to the day is dazzled by excess of light† (p. 1186). In Sartre’s essay, existence precedes essence where every man is free to lead his life the way he wants to. The essay states that: â€Å"Man is nothing else than his plan; he exists only to the extent that he fulfills himself; he is therefore nothing else than the ensemble of his acts, nothing else than his life† (p. 1297). Every man chooses where he wants to be in the future and his life will only go as far as he plans it to go and not restricted to any certain places or ideas like the men in the cave are in â€Å"Allegory of the Cave. † In conclusion, there are moral responsibilities in both essays, â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† and â€Å"Existentialism. † Plato and Sartre both imply that anguish are felt among all men but their views of goodness, limitations and subjectivism of life and the human existence vary in their essays. Whether it is best to believe in God or not, moral responsibility is placed on every man.

To what extent was Soviet foreign policy ideologically consistent in the 1930s Essay Example

To what extent was Soviet foreign policy ideologically consistent in the 1930s? Essay In order to deal with the question of ideological consistencies in Soviet foreign policy in the 1930s, one has to consider the underlying aims of Stalins foreign policy directives. This will be dealt in the initial stage of the essay and followed through with every subsequent argument. It is also crucial, in attempting to answer the problem, to note the significant apparent changes that emerged during the distinct periods such as the early 1930s of the Soviet isolationism as opposed to the 1933 1937 phase of anti-Nazism, as well as the post Munich Agreement time period before the German invasion in 1941, during which Stalin reversed his foreign policy moves to align the Soviet Union with Germany. While engaging in such an observation based on the changes in Stalins strategies, though, one must realise the reason for or the driving factor behind, such transitions that the Soviet Union was put through, first in siding with the West and then swaying to the Fascist Germany when tides were against the Soviet Union in the course of the 1930s leading up to the Second World War. The following will be an attempt to prove, despite the limited literature available on the issue, that Soviet foreign policy was ideologically consistent in the 1930s to a large extent. Despite the seemingly fickle-minded, sides-shifting and perhaps even indecisive moves by the Soviet Union, represented by its leader Joseph Stalin, such will in fact be revealed to be intimately, AND persistently, abiding by the seminal foreign policy objectives of security for the Soviet Union that was not prepared for another war. In addition, as some historians argue, one also needs to heed the observation that ideological, and also strategic, dimensions of Soviet foreign policy were but a public mask, or rather a effective tool, to attain a more urgent and fundamental goal of achieving and maintaining security for the Soviet Union as sweeping as this may sound. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent was Soviet foreign policy ideologically consistent in the 1930s? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent was Soviet foreign policy ideologically consistent in the 1930s? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent was Soviet foreign policy ideologically consistent in the 1930s? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On the surface, the discussion should pivot around the main ideological motives championed by Stalin and how successful Soviet Union at large was in constantly following through with its ideology in the tumultuous age of the 1930s. This ideology, then, simply put, is to spread Communism in the world and abolish other ideological blocs such as Capitalism and Fascism so as to allow for the Soviet hegemony as the worldwide Communist champion and leader. However, before the ideological layers involved in the Soviet foreign policy directives comes the crux of Soviet Unions foreign policy aim in the 1930s, which was to ensure that Soviet Union is spared from any external invasion given the pressures created by the Great Depression. For the purpose of facilitating the flow of the argument, the essay will be signposted by the various turning points throughout the 1930s marking either an alteration or the reversal of Soviet stance on European affairs, particularly where Germany is concerned. The first of this should undoubtedly be the Great Depression of 1929 that kick-started the unstable age of the 1930s. In the crucial setting the Depression sets up for us in understanding the context of the 1930s, the world is in disarray, especially notable in the West, from 1930 to 1933. The resultant destruction of world trade and the loss of jobs leading to a slump in the quality of living brought about the fertile ground for extremist political agitation from both Right and Left.1 Although the instability somewhat allowed for some much needed respite to the Soviet Union in its bid after an economic revolution, the augmenting international tensions intensified by the prospect of the Depression engendering a new war necessitated the Soviet Unions bracing of an ulterior objective. This was none other than the fact that to insulate fortress Russia from the threats of outside powers in the event of a predicted war, according to Haslam in his writing in The Bases of Foreign Policy under Stalin, which is immensely useful in aiding the understanding that one has to seek for the matter in discussion. Su ch a threat was what stimulated the Soviet leadership to embark on the five-year plan of industrial construction in 1929. The five-year plan was essentially anchored on Stalins conception of the countrys needs, his overriding aim being to make the Soviet Union impregnable to assault from abroad. The note-worthy speech Stalin made in February 1931 succinctly captures the overarching aim that will govern the foreign policy in all dimensions, including the ideological one. Stalin leaves a clear message in it the promise of the plan that would in the long term fortify Soviet power in order to deter the rest of the world from even pondering on an attack on the Soviet Union, thus obliged to leave it alone, even in the case of a war between multiple outside powers, a notion which turned out to be much of Stalins liking in the course of the period concerned, if chances allowed, as it had been a vital element in Soviet foreign policy since its earliest days under Lenin, to exploit, wherever possible, the tensions and antagonisms which beset relations amongst the capitalist Powers. The ideological ground for the comparison of the progress throughout the decade would be thus set in the early 1930s aims that Stalin embraced, given the changed economic and political environment, thus the need to delve into this period further. One can observe, through Stalins fears of potential Western aggression toward the Soviet Union, aggravated by the crisis in Anglo-Soviet relations in 19272, a defensive Soviet Union desperate to ensure its own security. When these exaggerated fears placed too much burden on the Soviet Unions inadequate defences, the Soviets responded with a combination of firmness and diplomacy3. While the Soviet Union retaliated against the French move at trade restrictions, the commissar of foreign affairs, Maksim M. Litvinov, also advocated the traditional offering of the non-aggression pact in novel form: economic non-aggression in 18 May 1931. This demonstrated to the Western public the more cooperative and less harsh image of the Soviet Union. The five -year plan also had a notable effect of raising the regimes prestige in the eye of friend and foe alike (Haslam, as quoted in footnote). At this juncture, one can notice how Stalin orchestrated his foreign policy in a way as to complement it to his strenuous domestic policies. To heighten the urgency of his demands for modernization, Stalin portrayed the Western powers, especially France, as warmongers eager to launch an attack on the Soviet Union. The diplomatic isolation adopted by the Soviet Union in the early 1930s thus seemed ideologically justified by the Great Depression; world capitalism appeared fated for a downfall. To assist the triumph of Communism, Stalin resolved to weaken the moderate social democrats of Europe who were the communists rivals for working-class support. Conversely, the Comintern ordered the Communist Party of Germany to aid the anti-Soviet National Socialist German Workers Party (the Nazi Party) in its attempt at gaining power in the hopes that a Nazi regime would exacerbate social tensions within Germany and thereby produce the conditions that would lead to a communist revolution. Here, we can see the shared responsibility that Stalin takes on in bringing Hitler to power in 1933 and its tragic consequences for the Soviet Union itself and of course to the rest of the world. Hence, in light of the early 1930s before the rise of Hitler, the foreign policy pursued by the Soviet Union can be deemed to be ideologically consistent. Even in the case where the Soviet Union initiated the economic non-aggression pact with the Western capitalist powers, it was done so under a certain mask and veil since Soviet leaders deceitfully continued to let their capitalist adversaries misinterpret the new Soviet economic move as a return to capitalism, resulting in the dwindled hostility displayed by the Western powers as a result. In addition, in the issue of the threat posed by Japan in the Manchurian Crisis of 1931, the underlying philosophy in Litvinovs foreign policy is illustrated in the fact that the Soviets not only chose to conceal the ongoing war preparations (for the war in the Far East) from the public but also decided to attend the world disarmament conference when it opened in February 1932. It cannot be stressed more, therefore, that this was a period when ideological foundations and more fundamentally the cardinal foreign policy aims were closely followed by. The year 1933, when Hitler rose to power in Germany, brought about what Haslam calls a dramatic volte-face in the direction of Soviet foreign policy, ushering in the most pro-Western era Moscow has ever experienced4. This is also dubbed the Litvinov age of Soviet diplomacy. Once again, in this observation of 1933 to 1937 Soviet pursuit of its foreign policy, it was the fundamental aim of Soviet security and safety that Stalin was after, as far as appearances were concerned. This is because from the turn of the events, it might seem as though the Soviet Union was abandoning its ideological motive of Communist dominion when it cooperated diplomatically with the Western capitalist powers. However, it has to be reinforced that the new German Government threatened the peace of Europe and thereby the security of the Soviet Union. Peace was not just a necessary condition for Stalins industrialisation plans but mainly for the very purpose of not plunging the Soviet Union into a war. Where dual track policy, or a two pronged approach, is concerned, it is the underlying strategic aims that were more fundamental than the ideological ones, since the primary driving factor when it came to Stalins decision making was the fear of an outside invasion of the Soviet Union. It was more the maintenance of the status quo and protection of the incumbent territory that Stalin was interested if we follow his line of foreign policy moves, rather than an aim to spread Communism as far as the 1930s were concerned. This is because the Soviet Union, in its economic weakness and vulnerability in the face of a precedent worldwide economic combustion and foreseeable threats in the scale of another major war, simply was not allowed the mental and strategic space for an expansionist scheme. Yes, it can be argued that such a Communist-domination notion never actually left Stalins objectives and lurked in the background through which some ideological influences were seen in the foreign pol icy directives (SUCH AS?), but pivotal would be to realise that because it was centrally the immediate or perceived threats directed at the Soviet Union that brought about the key foreign policy moves by either Litvinov or Molotov, thus justifying the argument that by observing the consistencies of the underlying strategic aims one can also deduce that such were also ideologically consistent, although it is more the former than the latter dimension that steered the Soviet camps foreign policy directions.

Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American Peop essays

Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American Peop essays Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People The motives behind the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 remained unclear to many people throughout the world. Shortly after the attacks waged upon New York, Washington and Pennsylvania, President George W. Bush delivered his speech, Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People. This speech successfully explained the United States stance on terrorism. He also educated us on exactly who the terrorists are, discussed Americas plan for resolution and attempted to dissolve any fear in which Americans may have felt. In the following paragraphs I will explain the strategies, advantages and barriers President Bush faced while delivering this highly successful and motivational speech. This speech is unlike any other that President Bush has had to deliver. President Bush says, In the normal course of events, Presidents come to this chamber to report on the state of the Union. Tonight, no such report is needed. It has already been delivered by the American people(Bush, p.1). The goals of this speech are clearly outlined. He speaks about our freedom being attacked and assures us that justice will be brought to terrorists. The president wants to make sure every American understands what happened on September 11th. He wants to state whom these terrorists are, why they committed these crimes, Americas plans toward achieving justice and hopes to urge the American people to go on about their normal lives. In the beginning of President Bushs speech, the audience to whom he is speaking is clearly announced. Mr. Speaker, Mr. President Pro Tempore, members of congress, and fellow Americans are among the groups listed. These Americans can clearly be listed as advantages. Almost every American show's support for President Bush and our fight on terrorism. Also listed are a number of countries that have showed suppor...

Democratization and Egyptian Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Democratization and Egyptian Revolution - Essay Example Democratization refers to a process, which promotes or upholds democracy in the society. Historians believe that quest for civil freedom played a great role in institutionalizing democratic societies (Brown 45). The power of the people defines the system that is suitable at each instant in any democratic society. Civil rights movements usually advocates for governmental systems, which would promote the greater interest of the common person. A focus into the Arab nations would create a different picture in ones mind because it seems as if the government of the day does not respect the basic freedom of the people. It is probable that failed governments are likely to face an internal revolt. Bodies advocating for rights of humanity play a vital role in influencing the thinking of the people. For example, Muslim Brotherhood has played a protracted role in influencing the beliefs of many Muslims in Egypt (The Future of Egypt’s Democracy). There presence and influence has a stake in the current situation of Egypt. In order to understand the role of Muslim Brotherhood, it is important to explore the root of Muslim Brotherhood. Hassan al-Banna formed Muslim Brotherhood in 1928 (The Muslim Brotherhood). ... However, the movement has endured the test of time to remain viable for very many decades. Muslim Brotherhood met its first rejection by the Egyptian government after the Israel-Arab war. Muslim Brother has participated actively in political activities in Egypt. For instance, in 2005 the movement was able to clinch 88 of seats in the parliament through its â€Å"illegal† members (The Muslim Brotherhood). It became apparent that Muslim Brotherhood was a party that had influence on the lives of the Egyptians. The activities of Muslim Brothers in the last six months include active involvement political system of the country and sensitizing people to take an active role in uprising. The move by Muslim Brotherhood to take an active role in Egypt uprising aimed at changing autocratic system of governance that characterized Egypt system of governance. Arguable, political freedom occurs when the public have a stake in forming and participating in political deliberation that influence social life of the people. It is not surprising, that despite calls by human right activists in Egypt and the world, the previous regime did not acknowledge respect to human rights. History records atrocities and execution of activists that fought for democracy. The Egyptian society has embraced the teaching and objectives of Muslim Brotherhood, which have influenced the lives of Muslims across the Arab world. Currently, Muslim Brotherhood has issued threats to other Arab nations about the revolt that is eminent when democracy does not find an opportunity in the society (Brown 49). Muslim Brotherhood has a lot of influence to the politics in Palestine. Largely, the movement believes that it would influence the termination of peace treaty between Israel and Egypt if the Israelites do

Current issues in advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Current issues in advertising - Essay Example Duke grew to become the leading cigarette brand by 1890 . WoodburyÃ'• Facial Ð…oap, a womanÃ'• beauty bar, waÃ'• almoÃ'•t diÃ'•continued in 1910. The Ã'•oapÃ'• Ã'•aleÃ'• decline waÃ'• reverÃ'•ed, however, with adÃ'• containing imageÃ'• of romantic coupleÃ'• and promiÃ'•eÃ'• of love and intimacy for thoÃ'•e uÃ'•ing the brand. Jovan MuÃ'•k Oil, introduced in 1971, waÃ'• promoted with Ã'•exual entendre and deÃ'•criptionÃ'• of the fragranceÃ'• Ã'•exual attraction propertieÃ'•. AÃ'• a reÃ'•ult, Jovan, Inc.Ã'• revenue grew from $1.5 million in 1971 to $77 million by 1978 (Del, 66-111) In contemporary mainÃ'•tream conÃ'•umer advertiÃ'•ing (e.g., magazineÃ'•, network and cable televiÃ'•ion), Ã'•ex iÃ'• preÃ'•ent in promotional meÃ'•Ã'•ageÃ'• for a wide range of branded goodÃ'•. AdÃ'• feature provocative imageÃ'• of well-defined women (and men) in revealing outfitÃ'• and poÃ'•tureÃ'• Ã'•elling clothing, alcohol, beauty productÃ'•, and fragranceÃ'•. AdvertiÃ'•erÃ'• Ã'•uch aÃ'• Calvin Klein, VictoriaÃ'• Ð…ecret, and PepÃ'•i uÃ'•e theÃ'•e imageÃ'• to cultivate a ubiquitouÃ'• Ã'•ex-tinged media preÃ'•ence. AlÃ'•o, Ã'•exual information iÃ'• uÃ'•ed to promote mainÃ'•tream productÃ'• not traditionally aÃ'•Ã'•ociated with Ã'•ex. For example, the DallaÃ'• Opera recently reverÃ'•ed declining Ã'•eaÃ'•on ticket Ã'•aleÃ'• by marketing the more laÃ'•civiouÃ'• partÃ'• of itÃ'• performanceÃ'•. AÃ'• a reÃ'•ult of itÃ'• Ã'•exual promotion Ã'•trategy, Ã'•eaÃ'•on tic ket packageÃ'• Ã'•old out faÃ'•ter than ever before . (Del, 66-111) Ð…ince the 1960Ã'•, reÃ'•earcherÃ'• uÃ'•ing Ã'•ocial Ã'•cience methodÃ'• have attempted to underÃ'•tand the role of Ã'•ex in advertiÃ'•ing for Ã'•elling brandÃ'•. Ð…pecifically, they have attempted to underÃ'•tand exactly how Ã'•exual content influenceÃ'• the advertiÃ'•ing communication proceÃ'•Ã'•. In thiÃ'• article, I organize thiÃ'• body of reÃ'•earch by firÃ'•t defining and deÃ'•cribing common typeÃ'• of Ã'•exual content examined by inveÃ'•tigatorÃ'•, and then by reviewing major approacheÃ'• in pertinent effectÃ'• reÃ'•earch. Finally, I Ã'•et

APJ Abdul Kalam Essay Example for Free

APJ Abdul Kalam Essay Introduction A savanna, or savannah, is a grassland ecosystem characterized by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken herbaceous layer consisting primarily of grasses.[1][2][3] The oak savanna is a common type of savanna in the Northern Hemisphere. Some classification systems[which?] also recognize a grassland savanna from which trees are absent.[4] This article deals only with savanna under the common definition of a grassy woodland with a significant woody plant component. It is often believed that savannas feature widely spaced, scattered trees. However, in many savannas, tree densities are higher and trees are more regularly spaced than in forest. Savannas are also characterized by seasonal water availability, with the majority of rainfall confined to one season. Savannas are associated with several types of biomes. Savannas are frequently in a transitional zone between forest and desert or grassland. Savanna covers approximately 20% of the Earths land area. Etymology Cerrado savanna, Brazil. Although the term savanna is believed to have originally come from an Arawak word describing land which is without trees but with much grass either tall or short (Oviedo y Valdes, 1535), by the late 1800s it was used to mean land with both grass and trees. It now refers to land with grass and either scattered trees or an open canopy of trees. Spanish explorers familiar with the term sabana called the grasslands they found around the Orinoco River llanos, as well as calling Venezuelan and Colombian grasslands by that specific term. Cerrado was used on the higher savannas of the Brazilian Central Plateau. Distribution Many grassy landscapes and mixed communities of trees, shrubs, and grasses were described as savanna before the middle of the 19th century, when the concept of a tropical savanna climate became established. The Kà ¶ppen climate classification system was strongly influenced by effects of temperature and precipitation upon tree growth, and his oversimplified assumptions resulted in a tropical savanna classification concept which resulted in it being considered as a climatic climax formation. The common usage meaning to describe vegetation now conflicts with a simplified yet widespread climatic concept meaning. The divergence has sometimes caused areas such as extensive savannas north and south of the Congo and Amazon Rivers to be excluded from mapped savanna categories.[5] Barrens has been used almost interchangeably with savanna in different parts of North America. Sometimes midwestern savanna were described as grassland with trees. Different authors have defined the lower limits of savanna tree coverage as 5–10% and upper limits range as 25–80% of an area.[6] Two factors common to all savanna environments are rainfall variations from year to year, and dry season wildfires. In the Americas, e.g. in Belize, Central America, savanna vegetation is similar from Mexico to South America and to the Caribbean. Threats Changes in fire management Savannas are subject to regular wildfires and the ecosystem appears to be the result of human use of fire. For example, Native Americans created the Pre-Columbian savannas of North America by periodically burning where fire-resistant plants were the dominant species.[8] Pine barrens in scattered locations from New Jersey to coastal New England are remnants of these savannas. Aboriginal burning appears to have been responsible for the widespread occurrence of savanna in tropical Australia and New Guinea,[9] and savannas in India are a result of human fire use.[10] The maquis shrub savannas of the Mediterranean region were likewise created and maintained by anthropogenic fire.[11] Prescribed burn; Wisconsin bur oak savanna These fires are usually confined to the herbaceous layer and do little long term damage to mature trees. However, these fires either kill or suppress  tree seedlings, thus preventing the establishment of a continuous tree canopy which would prevent further grass growth. Prior to European settlement aboriginal land use practices, including fire, influenced vegetation[12] and may have maintained and modified savanna flora.[3][9] It has been suggested by many authors[12][13] that aboriginal burning created a structurally more open savanna landscape. Aboriginal burning certainly created a habitat mosaic that probably increased biodiversity and changed the structure of woodlands and geographic range of numerous woodland species.[9][12] It has been suggested by many authors[13][14] that with the removal or alteration of traditional burning regimes many savannas are being replaced by forest and shrub thickets with little herbaceous layer. The consumption of herbage by introduced grazers in savanna woodlands has led to a reduction in the amount of fuel available for burning and resulted in fewer and cooler fires.[15] The introduction of exotic pasture legumes has also led to a reduction in the need to burn to produce a flush of green growth because legumes retain high nutrient levels throughout the year, and because fires can have a negative impact on legume populations which causes a reluctance to burn.[16] Grazing and browsing animals Oak savanna, United States The closed forest types such as broadleaf forests and rainforests are usually not grazed owing to the closed structure precluding grass growth, and hence offering little opportunity for grazing.[17] In contrast the open structure of savannas allows the growth of a herbaceous layer and are commonly used for grazing domestic livestock.[18] As a result much of the worlds savannas have undergone change as a result of grazing by sheep, goats and cattle, ranging from changes in pasture composition to woody weed encroachment.[19] The removal of grass by grazing affects the woody plant component of woodland systems in two major ways. Grasses compete with woody plants for water in the topsoil and removal by grazing reduces this competitive effect, potentially boosting tree growth. In addition to this effect, the removal of fuel reduces both the intensity and the frequency of fires which  may control woody plant species.[21] Grazing animals can have a more direct effect on woody plants by the browsing of palatable woody species. There is evidence that unpalatable woody plants have increased under grazing in savannas.[22] Grazing also promotes the spread of weeds in savannas by the removal or reduction of the plants which would normally compete with potential weeds and hinder establishment.[12] In addition to this, cattle and horses are implicated in the spread of the seeds of weed species such as Prickly Acacia (Acacia nilotica) and Stylo (Stylosanthes spp.).[15] Alterations in savanna species composition brought about by grazing can alter ecosystem function, and are exacerbated by overgrazing and poor land management practices. Introduced grazing animals can also affect soil condition through physical compaction and break-up of the soil caused by the hooves of animals and through the erosion effects caused by the removal of protective plant cover. Such effects are most likely to occur on land subjected to repeated and heavy grazing.[23] The effects of overstocking are often worst on soils of low fertility and in low rainfall areas below 500 mm, as most soil nutrients in these areas tend to be concentrated in the surface so any movement of soils can lead to severe degradation. Alteration in soil structure and nutrient levels affects the establishment, growth and survival of plant species and in turn can lead to a change in woodland structure and composition. Tree clearing Large areas of Australian and South American savannas have been cleared of trees, and this clearing is continuing today. For example until recently 480,000 ha of savanna were cleared annually in Australia alone primarily to improve pasture production.[12] Substantial savanna areas have been cleared of woody vegetation and much of the area that remains today is vegetation that has been disturbed by either clearing or thinning at some point in the past. Clearing is carried out by the grazing industry in an attempt to increase the quality and quantity of feed available for stock and to improve the management of livestock. The removal of trees from savanna land removes the competition for water from the grasses present, and can lead to a two to fourfold increase in pasture production, as well as improving the quality of the feed available.[24] Since stock carrying capacity is strongly correlated  with herbage yield, there can be major financial benefits from the removal of trees,[25] such as assisting with grazing management: regions of dense tree and shrub cover harbors predators, leading to increased stock losses, for example,[26] while woody plant cover hinders mustering in both sheep and cattle areas.[27] A number of techniques have been employed to clear or kill woody plants in savannas. Early pastoralists used felling and girdling, the removal of a ring of bark and sapwood, as a means of clearing land.[28] In the 1950s arboricides suitable for stem injection were developed. War-surplus heavy machinery was made available, and these were used for either pushing timber, or for pulling using a chain and ball strung between two machines. These two new methods of timber control, along with the introduction and widespread adoption of several new pasture grasses and legumes promoted a resurgence in tree clearing. The 1980s also saw the release of soil-applied arboricides, notably tebuthiuron, that could be utilized without cutting and injecting each individual tree. In many ways artificial clearing, particularly pulling, mimics the effects of fire and, in savannas adapted to regeneration after fire as most Queensland savannas are, there is a similar response to that after fire.[29] Tree clearing in many savanna communities, although causing a dramatic reduction in basal area and canopy cover, often leaves a high percentage of woody plants alive either as seedlings too small to be affected or as plants capable of re-sprouting from lignotubers and broken stumps. A population of woody plants equal to half or more of the original number often remains following pulling of eucalypt communities, even if all the trees over 5 metres are uprooted completely. Exotic plant species Acacia savanna, Taita Hills Wildlife Sanctuary, Kenya. A number of exotic plants species have been introduced to the savannas around the world. Amongst the woody plant species are serious environmental weeds such as Prickly Acacia (Acacia nilotica), Rubbervine (Cryptostegia grandiflora), Mesquite (Prosopis spp.), Lantana (Lantana camara and L. montevidensis) and Prickly Pear (Opuntia spp.) A range of herbaceous species have also been introduced to these woodlands, either deliberately or accidentally including Rhodes grass and other Chloris species, Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris), Giant rats tail grass (Sporobolus pyramidalis)  parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) and stylos (Stylosanthes spp.) and other legumes. These introductions have the potential to significantly alter the structure and composition of savannas worldwide, and have already done so in many areas through a number of processes including altering the fire regime, increasing grazing pressure, competing with native vegetation and occupying previously vacant ecological n iches.[29][30] Other plant species include: white sage, spotted cactus, cotton seed, rosemary. Climate change There exists the possibility that human induced climate change in the form of the greenhouse effect may result in an alteration of the structure and function of savannas. Some authors[31] have suggested that savannas and grasslands may become even more susceptible to woody plant encroachment as a result of greenhouse induced climate change. However, a recent case described a savanna increasing its range at the expense of forest in response to climate variation, and potential exists for similar rapid, dramatic shifts in vegetation distribution as a result of global climate change, particularly at ecotones such as savannas so often represent.[32] Savanna ecoregions Mediterranean savanna in Alentejo region, Portugal. Savanna ecoregions are of several different types: Tropical and subtropical savannas are classified with tropical and subtropical grasslands and shrublands as the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome. The savannas of Africa, including the Serengeti, famous for its wildlife, are typical of this type. The Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) is also included in this category, known for its exotic and varied flora. Temperate savannas are mid-latitude savannas with wetter summers and drier winters. They are classified with temperate savannas and shrublands as the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome, that for example cover much of the Great Plains of the United States. (See areas such as the Central forest-grasslands transition). Mediterranean savannas are mid-latitude savannas in Mediterranean climate regions, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, part of the  Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome. The oak tree savannas of California, part of the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion, fall into this category. Flooded savannas are savannas that are flooded seasonally or year-round. They are classified with flooded savannas as the flooded grasslands and savannas biome, which occurs mostly in the tropics and subtropics. Montane savannas are high-altitude savannas, located in a few spots around the worlds high mountain regions, part of the montane grasslands and shrublands biome. The lowland savannas of the Angolan Scarp savanna and woodlands ecoregion are an example.

Anselm’s Philosophy Essay -- Religion Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Anselm’s Philosophy Anselm's definition of AGod starts by saying that God is the greatest being we can possibly think of. When Anselm states this, it essentially means that it is not possible to think of a being greater than God. Anselm also states that if God is the greatest thinkable being, he is referring to the fact that it would be impossible to imagine or to create in ones mind someone or something being better than God. Therefore, it would be impossible to say that God only exists in ones mind because it is much greater to exist in reality than it is to exist only in ones mind. Anselm then suggests that God has many attributes which describe him. Among these being: self-existent, a necessary being, omnipotent, omniscient, completely just and timelessly eternal. After reading the Proslogion by Anselm, it gave me a greater understanding of these attributes listed above. Although, they are all of equal importance, I feel the most prominent of God's attributes is the fact that he is self existent. In essence, that means that God depends on nothing else for his existence, he is uncaused. Therefore, his existence is timelessly-eternal. This means that God cannot stop existing. On the other hand, contingent beings (such as ourselves) depend on something else for their existence. One example of this is, that as a child we utterly depended on our parents for food, clothing, and shelter. Contingent beings therefore can begin to be or cease to be at anytime. They can, unlike God, be here today and gone tomorrow. Anselm uses the definition of God (the ontological argument), in which I have described above, to prove God's existence. As I mentioned, Anselm believes that God is the greatest being we can possibly think of. He does this by first trying to prove the opposite of what he really wants to prove. For example, lets suppose God does not exist in reality. We then could think of something greater, a being that has all the same virtuous characteristics as we think God as having, but also being able to exist in reality. He then tries to prove that this supposition leads to a conclusion which cannot possibly be true. Then the original God would not actually be the greatest thinkable being, this new something else, that actually exists would be. This new God which actually exists would then be able to be seen, heard and touched by the individuals... ...that I have with Anselm's philosophy is that he believes that if you can imagine something existing then it defiantly does exist. In the book Anselm's critics state Athat someone who does not know the meaning of the word, who thinks only of the impression made on his mind by hearing the word and tries to imagine its meaning. (Anselm P. 395) There is no way to use a word such as God as a being or an existence because I believe that everyone has a different definition. I can understand the words Agreatest possible being but understanding this does not necessarily mean that such a being exists. For example, I understand the words Aflying car, but we all know that there are no flying cars. But Anselm argues that AI have the concept of this being in my mind, therefore this being exists. (Anselm p.395) I believe that this is where Anselm takes a giant leap of faith. In conclusion to whether Anselm's definition of God gives actual proof of God's existence, I believe that the only way to believe that God actually exists is by having true faith in him. Although, Anselm gives many possible reasons for God's existence. Most of these reasons are rather vague and unbelievable. Anselm’s Philosophy Essay -- Religion Philosophy Philosophical Essays Anselm’s Philosophy Anselm's definition of AGod starts by saying that God is the greatest being we can possibly think of. When Anselm states this, it essentially means that it is not possible to think of a being greater than God. Anselm also states that if God is the greatest thinkable being, he is referring to the fact that it would be impossible to imagine or to create in ones mind someone or something being better than God. Therefore, it would be impossible to say that God only exists in ones mind because it is much greater to exist in reality than it is to exist only in ones mind. Anselm then suggests that God has many attributes which describe him. Among these being: self-existent, a necessary being, omnipotent, omniscient, completely just and timelessly eternal. After reading the Proslogion by Anselm, it gave me a greater understanding of these attributes listed above. Although, they are all of equal importance, I feel the most prominent of God's attributes is the fact that he is self existent. In essence, that means that God depends on nothing else for his existence, he is uncaused. Therefore, his existence is timelessly-eternal. This means that God cannot stop existing. On the other hand, contingent beings (such as ourselves) depend on something else for their existence. One example of this is, that as a child we utterly depended on our parents for food, clothing, and shelter. Contingent beings therefore can begin to be or cease to be at anytime. They can, unlike God, be here today and gone tomorrow. Anselm uses the definition of God (the ontological argument), in which I have described above, to prove God's existence. As I mentioned, Anselm believes that God is the greatest being we can possibly think of. He does this by first trying to prove the opposite of what he really wants to prove. For example, lets suppose God does not exist in reality. We then could think of something greater, a being that has all the same virtuous characteristics as we think God as having, but also being able to exist in reality. He then tries to prove that this supposition leads to a conclusion which cannot possibly be true. Then the original God would not actually be the greatest thinkable being, this new something else, that actually exists would be. This new God which actually exists would then be able to be seen, heard and touched by the individuals... ...that I have with Anselm's philosophy is that he believes that if you can imagine something existing then it defiantly does exist. In the book Anselm's critics state Athat someone who does not know the meaning of the word, who thinks only of the impression made on his mind by hearing the word and tries to imagine its meaning. (Anselm P. 395) There is no way to use a word such as God as a being or an existence because I believe that everyone has a different definition. I can understand the words Agreatest possible being but understanding this does not necessarily mean that such a being exists. For example, I understand the words Aflying car, but we all know that there are no flying cars. But Anselm argues that AI have the concept of this being in my mind, therefore this being exists. (Anselm p.395) I believe that this is where Anselm takes a giant leap of faith. In conclusion to whether Anselm's definition of God gives actual proof of God's existence, I believe that the only way to believe that God actually exists is by having true faith in him. Although, Anselm gives many possible reasons for God's existence. Most of these reasons are rather vague and unbelievable.

Bilingual Education in Early Childhood Essay

Living in a world on the move, it may well turn out that tomorrow the next-door neighbors of a certain family will be persons who speak what to them is a foreign tongue. For political, economic and social reasons, as well as to further their education, people are relocating themselves in all parts of the globe. Perhaps there is already a foreign-speaking population where you live. Truly, East, West, North and South are meeting as never before. So if the children come running home with the exciting announcement, â€Å"Dad! Mom! We have a new playmate who doesn’t even talk the way we do,† parents might seriously begin to consider teaching their children to speak another language. Before closing one’s mind completely to the prospect, however, consider this fact: Talking to native speakers is one of the best â€Å"teachers† there is. As one is acquainted with them, extending hospitality, an individual will also be able to learn something about their language, and this will enable the parents to teach their children. Indeed, in a global brotherhood that the world is involved with today, it is essential for people to at least learn two or more languages that is widely used by people around the world. This is mainly to be able to catch up with the growing need for language experts in the professional world. However, the question is, when should bilingual education begin? According to Psychologist Dennis Coon, â€Å"the best time of teaching a person how to speak is from the belly of his mother beginning during the pregnancy years† (34). How is this possible? It has been learned through research that children, even when they are still inside the uterus could already interact with the world outside. Moreover, as the infant is born, talking to him in straight words without baby talking seriously developed early speaking skills on many growing babies today. (Coon, 36) It is also according to the authorities that the most effective time of teaching a child to speak his language and at least another one is during the first four formative years of the child’s life. Hence, it is indeed vital to start as early as first year of the baby’s life. A child’s first formative years is the highest capacity of a young mind to grasp the lessons being learned. However, some issues need to be addressed when bilingual education is being discussed. Scope of the Problem In many parts of educational development, bilingual education is treated as learning for non-American students. The use of their native language along with the inculcation of English to their vocabulary is the main aim of this program. According to educators, this is more likely an ESL program that would indeed assist foreign nationals living in the American territories to adapt to the society, especially with regards to children who are born in America. This would help the non-Americans to be ‘one’ with the American community in terms of language. To the educators, this is a way by which America could be able to overcome ethnic differences in the country. However, some language experts say that this is not an easy task for early childhood educators. The fact is that at times, some students come to the American region with a fluency on their native language already and thus may not have so much interest in knowing other languages more. Aside form this, according to some ‘English Only’ advocates, â€Å"bilingualism would only lead to an ethnic line of division between the nationalistic views of the natives of America† (Internet). The Pros of the Issue on Bilingual Education Implementation Many educators are indeed amiable that bilingual education is an essential part of learning especially with children who are of different ethnic society in the United States. Many professional early child education experts consider that through the utilization of bilingualism in the educational systems, children would become more concern and highly, in connection with their environment because of their language. The following are some of the facts that support the said claims of education experts: †¢ Children’s preparedness in facing the society with confidence lies in their ability to speak their thoughts in a way that their peers would understand them. Hence, for ethnic groups in the United States, learning nilingual language is necessary for them to be able to get along well with the American society. †¢ Bilingual education has been proven to sharpen the minds of the young students. The fact that their thinking ability is still budding, learning languages is one of the best ways to develop a young person’s mind through challenging education. †¢ Understanding what the world talks about and being able to respond is an essential part of a person’s life. This factor of being accepted in the society in a simple way f being understood because of language is a great potential for producing confident individuals in the future. The Cons of the Issue Although the fine part of the programmed education has already been laid, not all educators agree of that the bilingual education program would simply do its purpose. To them, the other side of the issue may bring disaster to the American society. How? The details regarding this are as follows: †¢ Teaching the ethnic groups on the use of perfect English language may make their groups stronger that they would be able to rebel against the rules of the law at times that these laws would not be amiable to their wants. †¢ Since the native language of the ethnic groups of the American Society would be used, it could be noticed that there could be a possibility of the lost nationalistic idea in teaching. Some American students may want to learn other languages that may affect their own personalities. As obviously seen, these reasons of the bilingual education implementation’s ineffective effects to the American society may be true, yet at some points exaggerated. It could be observed that by being able to balance the values that bilingual education implies, the said system of teaching young students could as well be beneficial not only for the pupils themselves but also for the whole American community. What Early Childhood Educators Need To Know There are necessary guidelines though that educators need to know when teaching bilingual education to children. The said guidelines are as follows: †¢ Bilingual education helps in the mind-development of handicapped children. (Internet) If incase the class that an educator is supposed tot each involves handicapped children, he must be able to recognize that learning bilingual knowledge is vital for their growth and development as a person of ‘worth’, hence, he should continuously encourage them in learning their lessons well. †¢ Teaching bilingual education requires close interaction with the students, especially with those who are having a hard time coping up with the changes. This has to be done for the educator to be assured that the students under his supervision are learning something from his teachings. †¢ Quality is more important than quantity exposure to the English Language. A child’s ability to speak correctly depends not on the times he is exposed to English speaking people but on the correct teachings of his educators in his class. †¢ ESL is taught more efficiently in natural situations. This means that children are forced to use English when they are faced with situations that require them to do so. With these guidelines, Early childhood educators would be equipped with the necessary points of consideration they have to remember during their teaching sessions. Resources for Early Childhood Educators To be able to meet the challenges of teaching bilingual education to young students, the government of the United States of America provided necessary resources that are available for teachers to utilize. Aside form these, numerous books are also available for study basis on this issue. As for example, Peter Woods’ â€Å"Multicultural Children in the Early Years: Creative Teaching, Meaningful Learning† talks about the necessary factors of consideration that educators should remember upon meeting Multicultural Children in their class. Meanwhile, Tony Cline features several effective curriculum for bilingual education, which were used and proven effective by other educators in his book â€Å"Curriculum Related Assessment, Cummins and Bilingual Children†. Likewise, Angela Carraasquillo’s â€Å"Teaching the Bilingual Special Education Student†, gives guidelines on the teaching methods that could be inculcated in the nature of teaching of the educators to their young students. Finally, Norbert Francis’ â€Å"Language and Literacy Teaching for Indigenous Education: A Bilingual Approach†, helps the educators overcome cultural differences during the entire course of bilingual education instruction processes. By utilizing the said resources, the educators would surely gain the necessary skills that are to be of good use during their teaching sessions with multicultural students. Conclusion Indeed, teaching is an art. Moreover, the artistic approach of this art is further encouraged in teaching students of the bilingual education. Hence, to be able to gain success from the said aspect of teaching, educators must have the right disposition as well as inspiration and reason for teaching. The fact that they realize that they are able to help ethnic groups in the American regions to fit in the society, should make them see the importance of educating the children with bilingual education. BIBLIOGRAPHY Maria Estela Brisk. (2005). Bilingual Education: From Compensatory to Quality Schooling. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. ; 2nd edition. Colin Baker. (2006). Foundations of Bilingual Education And Bilingualism (Bilingual Education and Bilingualism). Multilingual Matters Limited; 4th edition. Olivia N. Saracho. (2004). Contemporary Perspectives on Language Policy and Literacy Instruction in Early Childhood Education (Contemporary Perspectives in Early

The Keynesian and Neoliberal View of Unemployment Essay

Both the Keynesian and Neoliberal era came into existence as an aftermath of both an economic crisis and a war. Keynesianism came after the Second World War when the then neoclassical economy was in crisis. This crisis brought forth Keynesianism with the underlying disbelief in the self-regulating nature of capitalism. The Keynesian ideology believed in increased state intervention to produce economic stability. This policy rested on four policy prescription; full employment; a social safety net; increased labor rights; and investment policies were to be left to private enterprises. Keynesianism’s subsequent inability to deal with the unexpected inflation caused by two international oil crises and during the period of the†¦show more content†¦Evidence of this period can be seen from the dramatic increase in GDP from 15.7 percent to 26.4 percent between 1920 and 1950 then reaching 46.5 percent in 1984 (Course-reader 26: Banting 1986b:2; Bakker 1990:429, Table 2.1 ). Th ere was a general fear that if the economy would land in another economic crisis if reforms were not made. Even capitalist supporters believed that market could simply not survive without some degree of state intervention and regulation (Course-reader 24:Savage and Robins 1982: ix). The fall of the Keynesian (the Keynesian crisis) era was instigated by the inflation caused by the 1973 Arab oil embargo and the subsequent increase in oil prices by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). This fall in the Keynesian era was accompanied with capital flight, decline in profits and De-industrialization in the economy. The neoliberal era on the other hand, made its debut in 1984 after the defeat of the Trudeau administration and is the era we are in today. Comparable to the Keynesian era, the neoliberal era was a response to the crisis of the Keynesian era in the 1970s and 1980s. 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